The Daily Spark

Muse and similar agentic AI assistants could soon sweep household cash automatically into accounts paying 3.3% to 5.0%, instead of the 0.1% national average on checking accounts.

If every household used AI agents to optimize the return on their cash balances, banks could lose a large share of the cheap deposits they rely on to make loans, which would be a problem for the entire financial system.

Rates are rising for reasons beyond a strong economy, with sticky inflation lifting yields in the front end, record hyperscaler debt issuance pressuring the belly and fiscal worries pushing up the long end.

For credit, yields are well above their 10-year averages, with IG paying almost 6% and leveraged loans nearly 10%, but with spreads near all-time tights and stocks and bonds moving together, investors can no longer count on bonds to hedge their equity risk.

For more, see this new chart book by my colleague Shobhit Gupta and me.

Higher for longer is a slow squeeze for low-quality credit. Every month rates stay elevated, more CCC borrowers from the 2021–22 vintages hit the refinancing wall with less cash to service their debt, and with CCC yields around 15% while the broader credit market stays calm, the bill from the cheap-money era is landing on the weakest balance sheets first.

The pain is sharpest in heavily levered, PE-backed technology, healthcare and consumer discretionary names, where floating-rate debt, thin margins and AI disruption risk leave little room to absorb years of elevated borrowing costs.

The bottom line is that monetary policy is working with a lag and working unevenly. Strong balance sheets locked in cheap fixed-rate debt and have barely felt the Fed's tightening, while the most leveraged borrowers feel it in full as floating-rate costs and maturities reset, so the transmission mechanism is running mainly through the bottom of the credit stack.

For investors, the message is to move up in quality, because high-quality credit still offers attractive all-in yields without the default, restructuring and liability-management risk that is now concentrated in lower-rated credits.

In short, it is a good idea to invest in companies with earnings because they can pay their higher debt-servicing costs.

Roughly 10% of software-spending businesses on Ramp now pay a GPU vendor, up from under 4% two years ago, see chart below. Nearly all of that came from model serving and inference, which went from 2.4% to 8.7% of firms, while neoclouds crept from 2.0% to 3.3%, and wholesale GPU capacity never left the floor at 0.1%.

That gap describes what most companies are actually doing with AI. Businesses are adding a model to an existing product or workflow, paying per call, and treating it as another software subscription they can cancel next month. Very few are building anything that requires owning or reserving the hardware underneath.

The table below shows how unevenly the dollars land. The top 10% of customers account for 99.5% of model-serving spend and 99% of neocloud spend, leaving the bottom 90% of firms with 0.5% and 1%.

For comparison, non-AI SaaS is at 91.8% and CRM at 84.2%, where the long tail still contributes a real 15.8%, because a small company buying a CRM buys something close to what a large one buys. AI spending tracks how much you run, not how many people you have, which is why a small number of firms in production dwarf everyone else.

The bottom line is that adoption is broadening while the spending base is not, and AI infrastructure will keep depending on a small set of heavy spenders until the tail scales up.

The US Gulf Coast diesel crack spread cleared $100/bbl for the first time on record in August against a normal range of $15 to $30. Unlike a gasoline spike, which lands on consumers as a one-time tax on discretionary spending, diesel is an intermediate input embedded in the delivered cost of nearly every physical good, from freight and rail to agriculture and construction.

That means the rise in diesel prices does not stay in the energy line of the CPI but migrates with a lag into core goods and services, which is exactly the kind of pass-through the Fed cannot dismiss as transitory.

The bottom line is that diesel margins are now setting the long end of the curve because diesel crack spreads are an important driver of future core inflation.

After a decade of reaching for yield in a zero-rate world, investors no longer have to take outsized risk to generate income. Even if yields rise further from here, current levels in high-quality fixed income are already attractive, both for households and for investors with long-duration liabilities.

The credit story in hyperscalers rests on a single consensus assumption, that operating cash flow triples from $600 billion to $2 trillion, see chart below.

If this doesn't happen, then the risk is that the AI trade weakens, with credit spreads widening, capex plans getting cut and ultimately US GDP growth slowing.

Major copper discoveries, meaning deposits with at least 500,000 tonnes of contained copper, have fallen from double digits annually in the 1990s and 2000s to one or two in recent years, with none in 2025. Because a new deposit takes roughly 18 years to reach production, the chart below describes supply in the 2040s.

Meanwhile, the AI data center buildout is adding copper-intensive load on a two- to three-year cycle, pointing to a structurally tighter market and upward pressure on prices.

The income that lifted America's top 1% did not come mainly from tech or Wall Street, according to The Everywhere Millionaire. More than half of the rise in the top 1% income share since 1985, 5.8 of 10.5 percentage points, flowed through pass-through businesses, see chart below.

The authors, Owen Zidar and Eric Zwick, counted roughly 3 million wealthy private business owners, with average net worth near $25 million, running law firms, car dealerships, medical practices, commercial contractors and regional restaurant chains, the kind of businesses that make their owners wealthy and well known in their own communities without ever making them nationally famous.

Fed Chair Kevin Warsh has been remarkably consistent. He has repeatedly said the Fed will deliver price stability. Wednesday’s rate hike shows that he means it.

There is another important parallel with former Fed Chair Paul Volcker: no forward guidance. Volcker did not tell markets what the Fed would do at the next meeting. Warsh takes the same approach.

The bottom line is that Warsh is following the number one principle for successful central bankers: say what you do, and do what you say.